M. D. Chaturvedi

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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The supply of about a hundred thousand cubic feet of scantlings, three lakhs of sal poles, 40 thousand sleepers and timber for stretchers, tool handles and other needs of the Army, represents the contribution of the Pilibhit Forests in 1940-41 towards India's Defence. The extraction and transport of such vast quantities of timber presented problems as interestmg as their solution was ingenious.

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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An underground kiln of the shape of a rectangular ditch measuring 12 ft. × 5 ft. × 6 ft. holding exactly half a chatta∗ of fuel was tried in the Pilibhit Division for the manufacture of charcoal. The ditch was covered with iron sheets rendered air-proof with the help of fine earth. A system of inlet flues and exhausts was devised to control carbonisation. The kiln carbonised wood in about 48 hours, cooled in about 30 hours and yielded charcoal of excellent qualality weighing about 20 per cent. Of the wood used.

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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Cement tiles as a roofing material for forest buildings compel consideration for their strength, neat appearance lightness and above all economy. Made as they are, on the spot the saving effected in transport costs is not inconsiderable. The mixture recommended is sand 3 to cement 1. No reinforcement is required. Machines of various types are available in the market. For curing tiles, complete immersion under water yields best results. Attractive colour schemes could be introduced as desired. The cost at the present high rates amounts to about Rs. 10 per 100 sq. ft. of roof covered.

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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The creation of a Forest Subordinates' Corporate Security Fund will, apart from simplifying security accounts which involve an appalling waste of time in forest offices, instil a spirit of co-operation and esprit de corps among forest employees. The proposed scheme in its briefest outline envisages the replacement of individual by corporate security.

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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During the cold weather when grasses become inedible, leaf fodder supplements the food resources of 5 out of 39 million domestic animals in the United Provinces. Introduction of leaf fodder species in the plantations both in the reserved and private forests, afforestation of wastelands and effective control of lopping will go a long way towards the development of this important source of food supply of the tivestock in these provinces.

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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Besides providing technical assistance to private owners in the rehabilitation of their woodland hacked about during the war, the Land Management Circle of the Forest Department, U.P., as constituted on November 1, 1945, envisages the economic utilization of all state lands such as those under railways, roads and canala. In addition, it aims at the progressive acquisition of a million acres of wastelands during the next 10 years for the establishment of fuel and fodder reserves, improvement of grazing grounds and the creation of protective belts to arrest erosion. The elasticity of the scheme which can be expanded as funds permit, the provision for the employment of demobilized army personnel and the integrated utilization of lands to cope with the increasing pressure of population are some of its features which commend themselves.

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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Atomized kerosene has proved far more effective in dealing with maggots in wounds of animals than chemicals. While oil soothes the wound and stifles maggots to death, chemicals kill the living tissue far more than maggots.

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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Forest management in India continues to be inspired by the ideal of sustained yield enunciated by Dr. Brandis in 1856. Following the prescribed pattern to a fault, Indian working plans have shown resilient adaptability to changes brought about by industrial advancement actuated by two major wars. Management practices in legally constituted State forests have reacted to recent trends in management and development of silvicultural technique. Increased demand for structural timber during the post-war period; new demands for lesser known timbers for manufacture of bobbins, matches, plywood, paper and rayon; and the inordinate demand for firewood find reflection in recent working-plans. No less important is the bearing which mechanized transport, disposal, conversion and treatment of forest produce has had on forest management. 2. The progressive realization of the role of forests in the economy of a predominantly agricultural country like India has attracted the attention of Provincial Governments to the need of the conservation of private forests and the creation of firewood and fodder reserves on wastelands and State lands such as canal banks, railway lands, camping grounds, etc. Management of such forests is particularly designed to provide firewood to divert farm-yard manure from village hearths to village fields.

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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The pressure of population in the rich Gangetic alluvium in the Uttar Pradesh has led to the upsetting of the agronomical balance between agriculture, forestry, pastures, human habitations and communications. The low, if not diminishing, crop returns find an easy escape in the continuous extension of agriculture. The progressive encroachment of the plough on tree-lands and consequent lack of firewood have given rise to the pernicious practice of diverting the farm-yard manure from village fields to village hearths, establishing thereby a vicious circle from which there is no escape. What is needed is the restoration of a balanced rural economy providing each group of villages with its complement of cultivation pastures and tree-lands. Further extension of cultivation in this region must be viewed with the greatest concern and attention should be diverted to the creation of fuel and fodder reserves for which purpose all State lands such as those along the railways, canals, roads and waste lands unfit for cultivation must be integrated. The prevention of private forests from wanton destruction is also indicated. Even the area under cultivation should be made to support at least 2 babul trees for acre.

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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The severity of floods in the Indo-Gangetic basin is occasioned by the striking periodicity in monsoon and its intensity in the elevated Himalayan zone. Such powerful physical forces are best counteracted not by the rigid brick and mortar but by the resilient vegetation, the luxuriant growth of which in the region most affected is no fortuitous coincidence. The vegetal cover is Nature's device to control the forces it unleashes. In the proper management of the catchment areas of large rivers lies our best security against floods. The challenge of the millions of drops of rain can be met only by myriads of leaves.

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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The cessation of trade relations with South Africa in 1947-48 and consequent stoppage of wattle imports (40,000 tons annually) from that country have led to an unprecedented demand on the home-grown wattles which had attracted little attention in the past. The elaborate technique adopted in recent plantations, raised on the grassy downs in the Nilgiris (Octacamund) and Upper Pain is (Kodaikanal) where about 20,000 acres are available for the cultivation of wattle, requires considerable modification in the light of large scale failures. A detailed study of the various adverse factors inhibiting the growth of wattle revealed that protection against frost and cold desiccating winds has not had the attention it deserves. The invasion of wattle under the shelter provided by the Eucalyptus plantations and its vigorous development in the gaps where they exist in the overwood, suggests the following technique :- (i) Secure shelter for wattle, 3 years in advance, against- ( a) Strong cold winds by raising Eucalyptus all round an area 5 rows 6 feet apart, and, (b) frost by planting Eucalyptus 40 feet apart. (ii) The existing practice of scrapping of 4 feet wide strips 5 feet apart along the contours ( Kodaikanal ) involving prohibitive costs be replaced by seed beds 2 feet diameter, 9 inches deep and 6 feet apart. (iii) Thin to 12 feet espacement at the end of 3 years. 2. The vigorous growth of wattle on abandoned potato and pyrethrum fields renders it practically immune to frost and suggests the cultivation of potatoes as a means of raising wattl in localities where there is demand for land, such as Nilgiris. Managed on a rotation of 10 years, each unit of area will be for a year under potatoes and for 9 years under wattle, which will more than recoup the loss of soil and its fertility. A crop or two of potatoes will not only pay for the subsequent plantation of wattle but also add to our food supply-a fact not to be lost sight of in the context of the existing food situation. While shelter against frost is not indicated, that against wind would be indispensable in most localities. 3. Possibilities of wattle cultivation exist in Travancore-Cochin where about 20,000 acres could easily be made available. In the higher Himalayan latitudes a lower altitude is indicated. Where chir could replace Eucalyptus to provide shelter.

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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Experience gained in the Saharanpur Siwaliks and nearer home in the Nilgiris themselves in the privately owned estates, suggests the adoption of rotational lopping of the State plantations of Eucalyptus to support the cottage industry producing Eucalyptus oil. Retention of 1/5th of the crown at the top at the time of lopping and a rest of full 4 growing seasons after each lop is to be rigidly enforced. In addition to making India self-sufficient in respect of Eucalyptus oil, the scheme will yield an additional annual income of Rs. 50,000 and provide means of livelihood to the local population during the winter season when it has little to do.

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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While the technique adopted in raising Cinchona in the South leaves little to be desired, the deleterious effects of congestion on the growth of trees would hit the eye of the most casual visitor. Well-developed trees which happen to possess the growing space, they have, by accident and not by design, provide an indication of the espacement to be aimed at. Pending scientific experimentation, the existing spacing of 4 ft. by 4 ft. should be stepped up to 8 ft. by 8 ft. This will not only ensure better development, but would also reduce the planting costs to at least about a third.

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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1. In the wake of the post-war reconstruction schemes, attention has come to be focussed on soil erosion as a major problem affecting land economy. The matter is to be viewed from different angles on cultivated and waste lands. On the former, soil conservation measures yield direct, quick and tangible results. The farmer is with and not against us. On wastelands unfit for cultivation, however, the problem takes on a different complexion. These tracts are regarded as no-man's lands. They are subjected to the worst conceivable maltreatment which spells wholesale destruction of vegetative cover. The imposition of the least little restriction on the improvident practices adopted by the peasants is objected to, opposed and made a grievance of. Attempts made in the Kulu valley, Kumaun, Chota Nagpur, Yamuna ravines, Nilgiris, to preserve a soil cover have made little, if any, headway. The problem of soil conservation in such areas is more a social than a technical problem. What is required is not research in determining the technique of soil conservation measures, but devising ways and means to enforce legislative measures to afford such areas protection against domestic animals. 2. Insistence on detailed surveys of the magnitude of the problem will only delay matters. By far the best method of tackling this problem is for the Centre to organize closely knitted demonstration centres throughout the land, - centres which States may replicate and emulate. As an earnest of their co-operation in the matter, the States should be asked to contribute 50 per cent of the total cost involved in the establishment of these centres. 3. The administrative organization proposed to be set up at the Centre for the purpose consists of a Director of Soil Conservation attached to the Board of Forestry, somewhat on the model of the Vice-Chairman of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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The diversion of the drainage of the Gangetic Plain from the Arabian Sea towards the Bay of Bengal brought about by earth movements which folded up the Siwaliks coupled with the sands left in the wake of the recession of what was during geological times an extension of the Gulf of Cutch have given rise to the vast stretch of the inhospitable and arid tract known as the Rajputana desert, covering an area of about 80,000 square miles. In the saline alluvial marshes of the Runn of Cutch, to the south-west of the desert, we have an illustration par excellence of the desert in the making by the desertion of the sea; the process having been accelerated by the deposition of the silt brought down by the Hakra, now extinct, and the Luni. Strong winds, which develop in this region during the summer and gather great mornentum during the monsoon months, transport, vast quantities of salt and sand to the Rajputana desert whipping it up into terrific dust storms, the fury of which is felt throughout the northwestern India. The desert has spread through the ages causing the 'westering' of the Indus and the 'northering' of the Sutlej, meeting an obstruction of sorts only along its eastern confines in the Aravallis and their extension up to the Delhi Ridge.

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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M. D. Chaturvedi

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The wide range of climatic variations of the Indian sub-continent, its extent and diverse physical features have given rise to a rich and varied fauna consisting of about 400 species of mammals, 1,100 species of birds and 350 species of reptiles. It is the forest of this region that sustains wild life and determines its character and colouration, size and distribution. Protected by religious sentiments and insulated by inaccessible forest cover through the ages, the wild life of the country was suddenly exposed to attacks on two fronts with the advent of the British on the scene. Not only had animals to defend themselves against trigger-happy sportsmen of those days, but also against the ever diminishing forest cover which gave them shelter and sustenance. Unable to fend for themselves quite a few species became extinct; and, many more were driven to the verge of extinction. Control on wanton destruction of wild life was sought through legislation at the turn of the century. The gap between legislation and its implementation has been bridged to some extent by the creation of a healthy public opinion through non-official organizations. Inspired by the action taken by European powers for the preservation of wild life in Africa, and moved by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (I.U.C.N.), Independent India set up in 1952 the Indian Board for Wild Life with its counterparts in the States. The need of the hour is wise land use in the context of unbridled encroachment of cultivation. What is needed is not only the preservation of wild life but also the preservation of the forest that provides sustenance and cover to its sprightly and colourful denizens.

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